* ruby.h (struct RString): embed small strings.

  (RSTRING_LEN): defined for accessing string members.
  (RSTRING_PTR): ditto.

* string.c: use RSTRING_LEN and RSTRING_PTR.


git-svn-id: svn+ssh://ci.ruby-lang.org/ruby/trunk@10809 b2dd03c8-39d4-4d8f-98ff-823fe69b080e

26 files changed, 159 insertions, 170 deletions

diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl.c b/ext/openssl/ossl.c
index a98f2641cc..4000e8fc58 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl.c
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ ossl_buf2str(char *buf, int len)
     int status = 0;
 
     str = rb_protect((VALUE(*)_((VALUE)))ossl_str_new, len, &status);
-    if(!NIL_P(str)) memcpy(RSTRING(str)->ptr, buf, len);
+    if(!NIL_P(str)) memcpy(RSTRING_PTR(str), buf, len);
     OPENSSL_free(buf);
     if(status) rb_jump_tag(status);
 
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ ossl_pem_passwd_cb(char *buf, int max_len, int flag, void *pwd)
 	rflag = flag ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
 	pass  = rb_protect(ossl_pem_passwd_cb0, rflag, &status);
 	if (status) return -1; /* exception was raised. */
-	len = RSTRING(pass)->len;
+	len = RSTRING_LEN(pass);
 	if (len < 4) { /* 4 is OpenSSL hardcoded limit */
 	    rb_warning("password must be longer than 4 bytes");
 	    continue;
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ ossl_pem_passwd_cb(char *buf, int max_len, int flag, void *pwd)
 	    rb_warning("password must be shorter then %d bytes", max_len-1);
 	    continue;
 	}
-	memcpy(buf, RSTRING(pass)->ptr, len);
+	memcpy(buf, RSTRING_PTR(pass), len);
 	break;
     }
     return len;
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl.h b/ext/openssl/ossl.h
index 0366901a35..3be563005c 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl.h
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl.h
@@ -118,11 +118,10 @@ VALUE ossl_x509crl_sk2ary(STACK_OF(X509_CRL) *crl);
 VALUE ossl_buf2str(char *buf, int len);
 #define ossl_str_adjust(str, p) \
 do{\
-    int len = RSTRING(str)->len;\
-    int newlen = (p) - (unsigned char*)RSTRING(str)->ptr;\
+    int len = RSTRING_LEN(str);\
+    int newlen = (p) - (unsigned char*)RSTRING_PTR(str);\
     assert(newlen <= len);\
-    RSTRING(str)->len = newlen;\
-    RSTRING(str)->ptr[newlen] = 0;\
+    rb_str_set_len(str, newlen);\
 }while(0)
 
 /*
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_asn1.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_asn1.c
index c60cbc12a1..fe8a1e0c35 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_asn1.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_asn1.c
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ obj_to_asn1bstr(VALUE obj, long unused_bits)
     StringValue(obj);
     if(!(bstr = ASN1_BIT_STRING_new()))
 	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
-    ASN1_BIT_STRING_set(bstr, RSTRING(obj)->ptr, RSTRING(obj)->len);
+    ASN1_BIT_STRING_set(bstr, RSTRING_PTR(obj), RSTRING_LEN(obj));
     bstr->flags &= ~(ASN1_STRING_FLAG_BITS_LEFT|0x07); /* clear */
     bstr->flags |= ASN1_STRING_FLAG_BITS_LEFT|(unused_bits&0x07);
 
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ obj_to_asn1str(VALUE obj)
     StringValue(obj);
     if(!(str = ASN1_STRING_new()))
 	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
-    ASN1_STRING_set(str, RSTRING(obj)->ptr, RSTRING(obj)->len);
+    ASN1_STRING_set(str, RSTRING_PTR(obj), RSTRING_LEN(obj));
 
     return str;
 }
@@ -253,8 +253,8 @@ obj_to_asn1obj(VALUE obj)
     ASN1_OBJECT *a1obj;
 
     StringValue(obj);
-    a1obj = OBJ_txt2obj(RSTRING(obj)->ptr, 0);
-    if(!a1obj) a1obj = OBJ_txt2obj(RSTRING(obj)->ptr, 1);
+    a1obj = OBJ_txt2obj(RSTRING_PTR(obj), 0);
+    if(!a1obj) a1obj = OBJ_txt2obj(RSTRING_PTR(obj), 1);
     if(!a1obj) ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "invalid OBJECT ID");
 
     return a1obj;
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ obj_to_asn1derstr(VALUE obj)
     str = ossl_to_der(obj);
     if(!(a1str = ASN1_STRING_new()))
 	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
-    ASN1_STRING_set(a1str, RSTRING(str)->ptr, RSTRING(str)->len);
+    ASN1_STRING_set(a1str, RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LEN(str));
 
     return a1str;
 }
@@ -699,13 +699,13 @@ ossl_asn1data_to_der(VALUE self)
 
     tag = ossl_asn1_tag(self);
     tag_class = ossl_asn1_tag_class(self);
-    if((length = ASN1_object_size(1, RSTRING(value)->len, tag)) <= 0)
+    if((length = ASN1_object_size(1, RSTRING_LEN(value), tag)) <= 0)
 	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
     der = rb_str_new(0, length);
-    p = RSTRING(der)->ptr;
-    ASN1_put_object(&p, is_cons, RSTRING(value)->len, tag, tag_class);
-    memcpy(p, RSTRING(value)->ptr, RSTRING(value)->len);
-    p += RSTRING(value)->len;
+    p = RSTRING_PTR(der);
+    ASN1_put_object(&p, is_cons, RSTRING_LEN(value), tag, tag_class);
+    memcpy(p, RSTRING_PTR(value), RSTRING_LEN(value));
+    p += RSTRING_LEN(value);
     ossl_str_adjust(der, p);
 
     return der;
@@ -824,8 +824,8 @@ ossl_asn1_traverse(VALUE self, VALUE obj)
 
     obj = ossl_to_der_if_possible(obj);
     tmp = rb_str_new4(StringValue(obj));
-    p = RSTRING(tmp)->ptr;
-    ossl_asn1_decode0(&p, RSTRING(tmp)->len, &offset, 0, 0, 1);
+    p = RSTRING_PTR(tmp);
+    ossl_asn1_decode0(&p, RSTRING_LEN(tmp), &offset, 0, 0, 1);
 
     return Qnil;
 }
@@ -840,8 +840,8 @@ ossl_asn1_decode(VALUE self, VALUE obj)
 
     obj = ossl_to_der_if_possible(obj);
     tmp = rb_str_new4(StringValue(obj));
-    p = RSTRING(tmp)->ptr;
-    ary = ossl_asn1_decode0(&p, RSTRING(tmp)->len, &offset, 0, 1, 0);
+    p = RSTRING_PTR(tmp);
+    ary = ossl_asn1_decode0(&p, RSTRING_LEN(tmp), &offset, 0, 1, 0);
     ret = rb_ary_entry(ary, 0);
 
     return ret;
@@ -857,8 +857,8 @@ ossl_asn1_decode_all(VALUE self, VALUE obj)
 
     obj = ossl_to_der_if_possible(obj);
     tmp = rb_str_new4(StringValue(obj));
-    p = RSTRING(tmp)->ptr;
-    ret = ossl_asn1_decode0(&p, RSTRING(tmp)->len, &offset, 0, 0, 0);
+    p = RSTRING_PTR(tmp);
+    ret = ossl_asn1_decode0(&p, RSTRING_LEN(tmp), &offset, 0, 0, 0);
 
     return ret;
 }
@@ -973,21 +973,21 @@ ossl_asn1cons_to_der(VALUE self)
     explicit = ossl_asn1_is_explicit(self);
     value = join_der(ossl_asn1_get_value(self));
 
-    seq_len = ASN1_object_size(1, RSTRING(value)->len, tag);
+    seq_len = ASN1_object_size(1, RSTRING_LEN(value), tag);
     length = ASN1_object_size(1, seq_len, tn);
     str = rb_str_new(0, length);
-    p = RSTRING(str)->ptr;
+    p = RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if(tc == V_ASN1_UNIVERSAL)
-	ASN1_put_object(&p, 1, RSTRING(value)->len, tn, tc);
+	ASN1_put_object(&p, 1, RSTRING_LEN(value), tn, tc);
     else{
 	if(explicit){
 	    ASN1_put_object(&p, 1, seq_len, tn, tc);
-	    ASN1_put_object(&p, 1, RSTRING(value)->len, tag, V_ASN1_UNIVERSAL);
+	    ASN1_put_object(&p, 1, RSTRING_LEN(value), tag, V_ASN1_UNIVERSAL);
 	}
-	else ASN1_put_object(&p, 1, RSTRING(value)->len, tn, tc);
+	else ASN1_put_object(&p, 1, RSTRING_LEN(value), tn, tc);
     }
-    memcpy(p, RSTRING(value)->ptr, RSTRING(value)->len);
-    p += RSTRING(value)->len;
+    memcpy(p, RSTRING_PTR(value), RSTRING_LEN(value));
+    p += RSTRING_LEN(value);
     ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
 
     return str;
@@ -1007,7 +1007,7 @@ ossl_asn1obj_s_register(VALUE self, VALUE oid, VALUE sn, VALUE ln)
     StringValue(sn);
     StringValue(ln);
 
-    if(!OBJ_create(RSTRING(oid)->ptr, RSTRING(sn)->ptr, RSTRING(ln)->ptr))
+    if(!OBJ_create(RSTRING_PTR(oid), RSTRING_PTR(sn), RSTRING_PTR(ln)))
 	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, NULL);
 
     return Qtrue;
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_bio.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_bio.c
index 9f22c97919..aa0b99fe8c 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_bio.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_bio.c
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ ossl_obj2bio(VALUE obj)
     }
     else {
 	StringValue(obj);
-	bio = BIO_new_mem_buf(RSTRING(obj)->ptr, RSTRING(obj)->len);
+	bio = BIO_new_mem_buf(RSTRING_PTR(obj), RSTRING_LEN(obj));
 	if (!bio) ossl_raise(eOSSLError, NULL);
     }
 
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_bn.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_bn.c
index 47a607e60f..0ddcb8270d 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_bn.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_bn.c
@@ -124,22 +124,22 @@ ossl_bn_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     switch (base) {
     case 0:
-	if (!BN_mpi2bn(RSTRING(str)->ptr, RSTRING(str)->len, bn)) {
+	if (!BN_mpi2bn(RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LEN(str), bn)) {
 	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
 	}
 	break;
     case 2:
-	if (!BN_bin2bn(RSTRING(str)->ptr, RSTRING(str)->len, bn)) {
+	if (!BN_bin2bn(RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LEN(str), bn)) {
 	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
 	}
 	break;
     case 10:
-	if (!BN_dec2bn(&bn, RSTRING(str)->ptr)) {
+	if (!BN_dec2bn(&bn, RSTRING_PTR(str))) {
 	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
 	}
 	break;
     case 16:
-	if (!BN_hex2bn(&bn, RSTRING(str)->ptr)) {
+	if (!BN_hex2bn(&bn, RSTRING_PTR(str))) {
 	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
 	}
 	break;
@@ -165,13 +165,13 @@ ossl_bn_to_s(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     case 0:
 	len = BN_bn2mpi(bn, NULL);
         str = rb_str_new(0, len);
-	if (BN_bn2mpi(bn, RSTRING(str)->ptr) != len)
+	if (BN_bn2mpi(bn, RSTRING_PTR(str)) != len)
 	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
 	break;
     case 2:
 	len = BN_num_bytes(bn);
         str = rb_str_new(0, len);
-	if (BN_bn2bin(bn, RSTRING(str)->ptr) != len)
+	if (BN_bn2bin(bn, RSTRING_PTR(str)) != len)
 	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);
 	break;
     case 10:
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_cipher.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_cipher.c
index f0f29bd176..e38aef8f7a 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_cipher.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_cipher.c
@@ -176,14 +176,14 @@ ossl_cipher_init(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self, int mode)
 	if (NIL_P(init_v)) memcpy(iv, "OpenSSL for Ruby rulez!", sizeof(iv));
 	else{
 	    StringValue(init_v);
-	    if (EVP_MAX_IV_LENGTH > RSTRING(init_v)->len) {
+	    if (EVP_MAX_IV_LENGTH > RSTRING_LEN(init_v)) {
 		memset(iv, 0, EVP_MAX_IV_LENGTH);
-		memcpy(iv, RSTRING(init_v)->ptr, RSTRING(init_v)->len);
+		memcpy(iv, RSTRING_PTR(init_v), RSTRING_LEN(init_v));
 	    }
-	    else memcpy(iv, RSTRING(init_v)->ptr, sizeof(iv));
+	    else memcpy(iv, RSTRING_PTR(init_v), sizeof(iv));
 	}
 	EVP_BytesToKey(EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cipher(ctx), EVP_md5(), iv,
-		       RSTRING(pass)->ptr, RSTRING(pass)->len, 1, key, NULL);
+		       RSTRING_PTR(pass), RSTRING_LEN(pass), 1, key, NULL);
 	p_key = key;
 	p_iv = iv;
     }
@@ -222,15 +222,15 @@ ossl_cipher_pkcs5_keyivgen(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     StringValue(vpass);
     if(!NIL_P(vsalt)){
 	StringValue(vsalt);
-	if(RSTRING(vsalt)->len != PKCS5_SALT_LEN)
+	if(RSTRING_LEN(vsalt) != PKCS5_SALT_LEN)
 	    rb_raise(eCipherError, "salt must be an 8-octet string");
-	salt = RSTRING(vsalt)->ptr;
+	salt = RSTRING_PTR(vsalt);
     }
     iter = NIL_P(viter) ? 2048 : NUM2INT(viter);
     digest = NIL_P(vdigest) ? EVP_md5() : GetDigestPtr(vdigest);
     GetCipher(self, ctx);
     EVP_BytesToKey(EVP_CIPHER_CTX_cipher(ctx), digest, salt,
-		   RSTRING(vpass)->ptr, RSTRING(vpass)->len, iter, key, iv); 
+		   RSTRING_PTR(vpass), RSTRING_LEN(vpass), iter, key, iv); 
     if (EVP_CipherInit_ex(ctx, NULL, NULL, key, iv, -1) != 1)
 	ossl_raise(eCipherError, NULL);
     OPENSSL_cleanse(key, sizeof key);
@@ -248,16 +248,15 @@ ossl_cipher_update(VALUE self, VALUE data)
     VALUE str;
 
     StringValue(data);
-    in = RSTRING(data)->ptr;
-    if ((in_len = RSTRING(data)->len) == 0)
+    in = RSTRING_PTR(data);
+    if ((in_len = RSTRING_LEN(data)) == 0)
         rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "data must not be empty");
     GetCipher(self, ctx);
     str = rb_str_new(0, in_len+EVP_CIPHER_CTX_block_size(ctx));
-    if (!EVP_CipherUpdate(ctx, RSTRING(str)->ptr, &out_len, in, in_len))
+    if (!EVP_CipherUpdate(ctx, RSTRING_PTR(str), &out_len, in, in_len))
 	ossl_raise(eCipherError, NULL);
-    assert(out_len < RSTRING(str)->len);
-    RSTRING(str)->len = out_len;
-    RSTRING(str)->ptr[out_len] = 0;
+    assert(out_len < RSTRING_LEN(str));
+    rb_str_set_len(str, out_len);
 
     return str;
 }
@@ -271,11 +270,10 @@ ossl_cipher_final(VALUE self)
 
     GetCipher(self, ctx);
     str = rb_str_new(0, EVP_CIPHER_CTX_block_size(ctx));
-    if (!EVP_CipherFinal_ex(ctx, RSTRING(str)->ptr, &out_len))
+    if (!EVP_CipherFinal_ex(ctx, RSTRING_PTR(str), &out_len))
 	ossl_raise(eCipherError, NULL);
-    assert(out_len <= RSTRING(str)->len);
-    RSTRING(str)->len = out_len;
-    RSTRING(str)->ptr[out_len] = 0;
+    assert(out_len <= RSTRING_LEN(str));
+    rb_str_set_len(str, out_len);
 
     return str;
 }
@@ -298,10 +296,10 @@ ossl_cipher_set_key(VALUE self, VALUE key)
     StringValue(key);
     GetCipher(self, ctx);
 
-    if (RSTRING(key)->len < EVP_CIPHER_CTX_key_length(ctx))
+    if (RSTRING_LEN(key) < EVP_CIPHER_CTX_key_length(ctx))
         ossl_raise(eCipherError, "key length too short");
 
-    if (EVP_CipherInit_ex(ctx, NULL, NULL, RSTRING(key)->ptr, NULL, -1) != 1)
+    if (EVP_CipherInit_ex(ctx, NULL, NULL, RSTRING_PTR(key), NULL, -1) != 1)
         ossl_raise(eCipherError, NULL);
 
     return key;
@@ -315,10 +313,10 @@ ossl_cipher_set_iv(VALUE self, VALUE iv)
     StringValue(iv);
     GetCipher(self, ctx);
 
-    if (RSTRING(iv)->len < EVP_CIPHER_CTX_iv_length(ctx))
+    if (RSTRING_LEN(iv) < EVP_CIPHER_CTX_iv_length(ctx))
         ossl_raise(eCipherError, "iv length too short");
 
-    if (EVP_CipherInit_ex(ctx, NULL, NULL, NULL, RSTRING(iv)->ptr, -1) != 1)
+    if (EVP_CipherInit_ex(ctx, NULL, NULL, NULL, RSTRING_PTR(iv), -1) != 1)
 	ossl_raise(eCipherError, NULL);
 
     return iv;
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_config.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_config.c
index bf2db6b00e..3dfe7f361c 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_config.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_config.c
@@ -171,16 +171,16 @@ ossl_config_add_value(VALUE self, VALUE section, VALUE name, VALUE value)
     StringValue(name);
     StringValue(value);
     GetConfig(self, conf);
-    if(!(sv = _CONF_get_section(conf, RSTRING(section)->ptr))){
-	if(!(sv = _CONF_new_section(conf, RSTRING(section)->ptr))){
+    if(!(sv = _CONF_get_section(conf, RSTRING_PTR(section)))){
+	if(!(sv = _CONF_new_section(conf, RSTRING_PTR(section)))){
 	    ossl_raise(eConfigError, NULL);
 	}
     }
     if(!(cv = OPENSSL_malloc(sizeof(CONF_VALUE)))){
 	ossl_raise(eConfigError, NULL);
     }
-    cv->name = BUF_strdup(RSTRING(name)->ptr);
-    cv->value = BUF_strdup(RSTRING(value)->ptr);
+    cv->name = BUF_strdup(RSTRING_PTR(name));
+    cv->value = BUF_strdup(RSTRING_PTR(value));
     if(!cv->name || !cv->value || !_CONF_add_string(conf, sv, cv)){
 	OPENSSL_free(cv->name);
 	OPENSSL_free(cv->value);
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@ ossl_config_get_value(VALUE self, VALUE section, VALUE name)
     StringValue(section);
     StringValue(name);
     GetConfig(self, conf);
-    str = NCONF_get_string(conf, RSTRING(section)->ptr, RSTRING(name)->ptr);
+    str = NCONF_get_string(conf, RSTRING_PTR(section), RSTRING_PTR(name));
     if(!str){
 	ERR_clear_error();
 	return Qnil;
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_digest.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_digest.c
index d22f022442..09eadc9c9c 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_digest.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_digest.c
@@ -136,7 +136,7 @@ ossl_digest_update(VALUE self, VALUE data)
 
     StringValue(data);
     GetDigest(self, ctx);
-    EVP_DigestUpdate(ctx, RSTRING(data)->ptr, RSTRING(data)->len);
+    EVP_DigestUpdate(ctx, RSTRING_PTR(data), RSTRING_LEN(data));
 
     return self;
 }
@@ -225,12 +225,12 @@ ossl_digest_equal(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 	str2 = other;
     }
     GetDigest(self, ctx);
-    if (RSTRING(str2)->len == EVP_MD_CTX_size(ctx)) {
+    if (RSTRING_LEN(str2) == EVP_MD_CTX_size(ctx)) {
 	str1 = ossl_digest_digest(self);
     } else {
 	str1 = ossl_digest_hexdigest(self);
     }
-    if (RSTRING(str1)->len == RSTRING(str2)->len
+    if (RSTRING_LEN(str1) == RSTRING_LEN(str2)
 	&& rb_str_cmp(str1, str2) == 0) {
 	return Qtrue;
     }
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_engine.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_engine.c
index 71586e3620..cd835d1237 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_engine.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_engine.c
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ VALUE eEngineError;
  */
 #define OSSL_ENGINE_LOAD_IF_MATCH(x) \
 do{\
-  if(!strcmp(#x, RSTRING(name)->ptr)){\
+  if(!strcmp(#x, RSTRING_PTR(name))){\
     ENGINE_load_##x();\
     return Qtrue;\
   }\
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ ossl_engine_s_load(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     OSSL_ENGINE_LOAD_IF_MATCH(openbsd_dev_crypto);
 #endif
     OSSL_ENGINE_LOAD_IF_MATCH(openssl);
-    rb_warning("no such builtin loader for `%s'", RSTRING(name)->ptr);
+    rb_warning("no such builtin loader for `%s'", RSTRING_PTR(name));
     return Qnil;
 #endif /* HAVE_ENGINE_LOAD_BUILTIN_ENGINES */
 }
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ ossl_engine_s_by_id(VALUE klass, VALUE id)
 
     StringValue(id);
     ossl_engine_s_load(1, &id, klass);
-    if(!(e = ENGINE_by_id(RSTRING(id)->ptr)))
+    if(!(e = ENGINE_by_id(RSTRING_PTR(id))))
 	ossl_raise(eEngineError, NULL);
     WrapEngine(klass, obj, e);
     if(rb_block_given_p()) rb_yield(obj);
@@ -281,8 +281,8 @@ ossl_engine_ctrl_cmd(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &cmd, &val);
     StringValue(cmd);
     if (!NIL_P(val)) StringValue(val);
-    ret = ENGINE_ctrl_cmd_string(e, RSTRING(cmd)->ptr,
-				 NIL_P(val) ? NULL : RSTRING(val)->ptr, 0);
+    ret = ENGINE_ctrl_cmd_string(e, RSTRING_PTR(cmd),
+				 NIL_P(val) ? NULL : RSTRING_PTR(val), 0);
     if (!ret) ossl_raise(eEngineError, NULL);
 
     return self;
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_hmac.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_hmac.c
index ca5917518f..4ae04046e1 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_hmac.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_hmac.c
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ ossl_hmac_initialize(VALUE self, VALUE key, VALUE digest)
 
     StringValue(key);
     GetHMAC(self, ctx);
-    HMAC_Init_ex(ctx, RSTRING(key)->ptr, RSTRING(key)->len,
+    HMAC_Init_ex(ctx, RSTRING_PTR(key), RSTRING_LEN(key),
 		 GetDigestPtr(digest), NULL);
 
     return self;
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ ossl_hmac_update(VALUE self, VALUE data)
 
     StringValue(data);
     GetHMAC(self, ctx);
-    HMAC_Update(ctx, RSTRING(data)->ptr, RSTRING(data)->len);
+    HMAC_Update(ctx, RSTRING_PTR(data), RSTRING_LEN(data));
 
     return self;
 }
@@ -159,8 +159,8 @@ ossl_hmac_s_digest(VALUE klass, VALUE digest, VALUE key, VALUE data)
 	
     StringValue(key);
     StringValue(data);
-    buf = HMAC(GetDigestPtr(digest), RSTRING(key)->ptr, RSTRING(key)->len,
-	       RSTRING(data)->ptr, RSTRING(data)->len, NULL, &buf_len);
+    buf = HMAC(GetDigestPtr(digest), RSTRING_PTR(key), RSTRING_LEN(key),
+	       RSTRING_PTR(data), RSTRING_LEN(data), NULL, &buf_len);
 
     return rb_str_new(buf, buf_len);
 }
@@ -175,8 +175,8 @@ ossl_hmac_s_hexdigest(VALUE klass, VALUE digest, VALUE key, VALUE data)
     StringValue(key);
     StringValue(data);
 	
-    buf = HMAC(GetDigestPtr(digest), RSTRING(key)->ptr, RSTRING(key)->len,
-	       RSTRING(data)->ptr, RSTRING(data)->len, NULL, &buf_len);
+    buf = HMAC(GetDigestPtr(digest), RSTRING_PTR(key), RSTRING_LEN(key),
+	       RSTRING_PTR(data), RSTRING_LEN(data), NULL, &buf_len);
     if (string2hex(buf, buf_len, &hexbuf, NULL) != 2 * buf_len) {
 	ossl_raise(eHMACError, "Cannot convert buf to hexbuf");
     }
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_ns_spki.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_ns_spki.c
index b90a6b195e..2e0e42aa1a 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_ns_spki.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_ns_spki.c
@@ -62,9 +62,9 @@ ossl_spki_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 	return self;
     }
     StringValue(buffer);
-    if (!(spki = NETSCAPE_SPKI_b64_decode(RSTRING(buffer)->ptr, -1))) {
-	p = RSTRING(buffer)->ptr;
-	if (!(spki = d2i_NETSCAPE_SPKI(NULL, &p, RSTRING(buffer)->len))) {
+    if (!(spki = NETSCAPE_SPKI_b64_decode(RSTRING_PTR(buffer), -1))) {
+	p = RSTRING_PTR(buffer);
+	if (!(spki = d2i_NETSCAPE_SPKI(NULL, &p, RSTRING_LEN(buffer)))) {
 	    ossl_raise(eSPKIError, NULL);
 	}
     }
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ ossl_spki_to_der(VALUE self)
     if ((len = i2d_NETSCAPE_SPKI(spki, NULL)) <= 0)
         ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
-    p = RSTRING(str)->ptr;
+    p = RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if (i2d_NETSCAPE_SPKI(spki, &p) <= 0)
         ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
     ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
@@ -182,8 +182,8 @@ ossl_spki_set_challenge(VALUE self, VALUE str)
 
     StringValue(str);
     GetSPKI(self, spki);
-    if (!ASN1_STRING_set(spki->spkac->challenge, RSTRING(str)->ptr,
-			 RSTRING(str)->len)) {
+    if (!ASN1_STRING_set(spki->spkac->challenge, RSTRING_PTR(str),
+			 RSTRING_LEN(str))) {
 	ossl_raise(eSPKIError, NULL);
     }
     
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_ocsp.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_ocsp.c
index b1e721c24c..45d7c6a67a 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_ocsp.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_ocsp.c
@@ -109,9 +109,9 @@ ossl_ocspreq_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     if(!NIL_P(arg)){
 	arg = ossl_to_der_if_possible(arg);
 	StringValue(arg);
-	p = (unsigned char*)RSTRING(arg)->ptr;
+	p = (unsigned char*)RSTRING_PTR(arg);
 	if(!d2i_OCSP_REQUEST((OCSP_REQUEST**)&DATA_PTR(self), &p,
-			     RSTRING(arg)->len)){
+			     RSTRING_LEN(arg))){
 	    ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "cannot load DER encoded request");
 	}
     }
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ ossl_ocspreq_add_nonce(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     else{
 	StringValue(val);
 	GetOCSPReq(self, req);
-	ret = OCSP_request_add1_nonce(req, RSTRING(val)->ptr, RSTRING(val)->len);
+	ret = OCSP_request_add1_nonce(req, RSTRING_PTR(val), RSTRING_LEN(val));
     }
     if(!ret) ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
 
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ ossl_ocspreq_to_der(VALUE self)
     if((len = i2d_OCSP_REQUEST(req, NULL)) <= 0)
 	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
-    p = RSTRING(str)->ptr;
+    p = RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if(i2d_OCSP_REQUEST(req, &p) <= 0)
 	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
     ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
@@ -316,9 +316,9 @@ ossl_ocspres_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     if(!NIL_P(arg)){
 	arg = ossl_to_der_if_possible(arg);
 	StringValue(arg);
-	p = RSTRING(arg)->ptr;
+	p = RSTRING_PTR(arg);
 	if(!d2i_OCSP_RESPONSE((OCSP_RESPONSE**)&DATA_PTR(self), &p,
-			      RSTRING(arg)->len)){
+			      RSTRING_LEN(arg))){
 	    ossl_raise(eOCSPError, "cannot load DER encoded response");
 	}
     }
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ ossl_ocspres_to_der(VALUE self)
     if((len = i2d_OCSP_RESPONSE(res, NULL)) <= 0)
 	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
-    p = RSTRING(str)->ptr;
+    p = RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if(i2d_OCSP_RESPONSE(res, NULL) <= 0)
 	ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
     ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ ossl_ocspbres_add_nonce(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     else{
 	StringValue(val);
 	GetOCSPBasicRes(self, bs);
-	ret = OCSP_basic_add1_nonce(bs, RSTRING(val)->ptr, RSTRING(val)->len);
+	ret = OCSP_basic_add1_nonce(bs, RSTRING_PTR(val), RSTRING_LEN(val));
     }
     if(!ret) ossl_raise(eOCSPError, NULL);
 
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs12.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs12.c
index e7d9954c5a..5336a60ecd 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs12.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs12.c
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ ossl_pkcs12_to_der(VALUE self)
     if((len = i2d_PKCS12(p12, NULL)) <= 0)
 	ossl_raise(ePKCS12Error, NULL);
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
-    p = RSTRING(str)->ptr;
+    p = RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if(i2d_PKCS12(p12, &p) <= 0)
 	ossl_raise(ePKCS12Error, NULL);
     ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs7.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs7.c
index 07d2a39399..8fa2824aad 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs7.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkcs7.c
@@ -749,7 +749,7 @@ ossl_pkcs7_to_der(VALUE self)
     if((len = i2d_PKCS7(pkcs7, NULL)) <= 0)
 	ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
-    p = RSTRING(str)->ptr;
+    p = RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if(i2d_PKCS7(pkcs7, &p) <= 0)
 	ossl_raise(ePKCS7Error, NULL);
     ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey.c
index c338cbfd82..8858c65382 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey.c
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ ossl_pkey_new_from_file(VALUE filename)
     EVP_PKEY *pkey;
 
     SafeStringValue(filename);
-    if (!(fp = fopen(RSTRING(filename)->ptr, "r"))) {
+    if (!(fp = fopen(RSTRING_PTR(filename), "r"))) {
 	ossl_raise(ePKeyError, "%s", strerror(errno));
     }
 
@@ -169,13 +169,12 @@ ossl_pkey_sign(VALUE self, VALUE digest, VALUE data)
     GetPKey(self, pkey);
     EVP_SignInit(&ctx, GetDigestPtr(digest));
     StringValue(data);
-    EVP_SignUpdate(&ctx, RSTRING(data)->ptr, RSTRING(data)->len);
+    EVP_SignUpdate(&ctx, RSTRING_PTR(data), RSTRING_LEN(data));
     str = rb_str_new(0, EVP_PKEY_size(pkey)+16);
-    if (!EVP_SignFinal(&ctx, RSTRING(str)->ptr, &buf_len, pkey))
+    if (!EVP_SignFinal(&ctx, RSTRING_PTR(str), &buf_len, pkey))
 	ossl_raise(ePKeyError, NULL);
-    assert(buf_len <= RSTRING(str)->len);
-    RSTRING(str)->len = buf_len;
-    RSTRING(str)->ptr[buf_len] = 0;
+    assert(buf_len <= RSTRING_LEN(str));
+    rb_str_set_len(str, buf_len);
 
     return str;
 }
@@ -190,8 +189,8 @@ ossl_pkey_verify(VALUE self, VALUE digest, VALUE sig, VALUE data)
     EVP_VerifyInit(&ctx, GetDigestPtr(digest));
     StringValue(sig);
     StringValue(data);
-    EVP_VerifyUpdate(&ctx, RSTRING(data)->ptr, RSTRING(data)->len);
-    switch (EVP_VerifyFinal(&ctx, RSTRING(sig)->ptr, RSTRING(sig)->len, pkey)) {
+    EVP_VerifyUpdate(&ctx, RSTRING_PTR(data), RSTRING_LEN(data));
+    switch (EVP_VerifyFinal(&ctx, RSTRING_PTR(sig), RSTRING_LEN(sig), pkey)) {
     case 0:
 	return Qfalse;
     case 1:
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dh.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dh.c
index cdf131cc25..c09508f70e 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dh.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dh.c
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@ ossl_dh_to_der(VALUE self)
     if((len = i2d_DHparams(pkey->pkey.dh, NULL)) <= 0)
 	ossl_raise(eDHError, NULL);
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
-    p = RSTRING(str)->ptr;
+    p = RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if(i2d_DHparams(pkey->pkey.dh, &p) < 0)
 	ossl_raise(eDHError, NULL);
     ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
@@ -335,11 +335,10 @@ ossl_dh_compute_key(VALUE self, VALUE pub)
     pub_key = GetBNPtr(pub);
     len = DH_size(dh);
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
-    if ((len = DH_compute_key(RSTRING(str)->ptr, pub_key, dh)) < 0) {
+    if ((len = DH_compute_key(RSTRING_PTR(str), pub_key, dh)) < 0) {
 	ossl_raise(eDHError, NULL);
     }
-    RSTRING(str)->len = len;
-    RSTRING(str)->ptr[len] = 0;
+    rb_str_set_len(str, len);
 
     return str;
 }
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dsa.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dsa.c
index 39b1902d57..76675df512 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dsa.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dsa.c
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ ossl_dsa_to_der(VALUE self)
     if((len = i2d_func(pkey->pkey.dsa, NULL)) <= 0)
 	ossl_raise(eDSAError, NULL);
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
-    p = RSTRING(str)->ptr;
+    p = RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if(i2d_func(pkey->pkey.dsa, &p) < 0)
 	ossl_raise(eDSAError, NULL);
     ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
@@ -334,12 +334,11 @@ ossl_dsa_sign(VALUE self, VALUE data)
 	ossl_raise(eDSAError, "Private DSA key needed!");
     }
     str = rb_str_new(0, ossl_dsa_buf_size(pkey));
-    if (!DSA_sign(0, RSTRING(data)->ptr, RSTRING(data)->len, RSTRING(str)->ptr,
+    if (!DSA_sign(0, RSTRING_PTR(data), RSTRING_LEN(data), RSTRING_PTR(str),
 		  &buf_len, pkey->pkey.dsa)) { /* type is ignored (0) */
 	ossl_raise(eDSAError, NULL);
     }
-    RSTRING(str)->len = buf_len;
-    RSTRING(str)->ptr[buf_len] = 0;
+    rb_str_set_len(str, buf_len);
 
     return str;
 }
@@ -354,8 +353,8 @@ ossl_dsa_verify(VALUE self, VALUE digest, VALUE sig)
     StringValue(digest);
     StringValue(sig);
     /* type is ignored (0) */
-    ret = DSA_verify(0, RSTRING(digest)->ptr, RSTRING(digest)->len,
-		     RSTRING(sig)->ptr, RSTRING(sig)->len, pkey->pkey.dsa);
+    ret = DSA_verify(0, RSTRING_PTR(digest), RSTRING_LEN(digest),
+		     RSTRING_PTR(sig), RSTRING_LEN(sig), pkey->pkey.dsa);
     if (ret < 0) {
 	ossl_raise(eDSAError, NULL);
     }
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_rsa.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_rsa.c
index 17bec2b7bb..35f522f852 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_rsa.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_rsa.c
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ ossl_rsa_to_der(VALUE self)
     if((len = i2d_func(pkey->pkey.rsa, NULL)) <= 0)
 	ossl_raise(eRSAError, NULL);
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
-    p = RSTRING(str)->ptr;
+    p = RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if(i2d_func(pkey->pkey.rsa, &p) < 0)
 	ossl_raise(eRSAError, NULL);
     ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
@@ -258,12 +258,11 @@ ossl_rsa_public_encrypt(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     pad = (argc == 1) ? RSA_PKCS1_PADDING : NUM2INT(padding);
     StringValue(buffer);
     str = rb_str_new(0, ossl_rsa_buf_size(pkey));
-    buf_len = RSA_public_encrypt(RSTRING(buffer)->len, RSTRING(buffer)->ptr,
-				 RSTRING(str)->ptr, pkey->pkey.rsa,
+    buf_len = RSA_public_encrypt(RSTRING_LEN(buffer), RSTRING_PTR(buffer),
+				 RSTRING_PTR(str), pkey->pkey.rsa,
 				 pad);
     if (buf_len < 0) ossl_raise(eRSAError, NULL);
-    RSTRING(str)->len = buf_len;
-    RSTRING(str)->ptr[buf_len] = 0;
+    rb_str_set_len(str, buf_len);
 
     return str;
 }
@@ -280,12 +279,11 @@ ossl_rsa_public_decrypt(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     pad = (argc == 1) ? RSA_PKCS1_PADDING : NUM2INT(padding);
     StringValue(buffer);
     str = rb_str_new(0, ossl_rsa_buf_size(pkey));
-    buf_len = RSA_public_decrypt(RSTRING(buffer)->len, RSTRING(buffer)->ptr,
-				 RSTRING(str)->ptr, pkey->pkey.rsa,
+    buf_len = RSA_public_decrypt(RSTRING_LEN(buffer), RSTRING_PTR(buffer),
+				 RSTRING_PTR(str), pkey->pkey.rsa,
 				 pad);
     if (buf_len < 0) ossl_raise(eRSAError, NULL);
-    RSTRING(str)->len = buf_len;
-    RSTRING(str)->ptr[buf_len] = 0;
+    rb_str_set_len(str, buf_len);
     
     return str;
 }
@@ -305,12 +303,11 @@ ossl_rsa_private_encrypt(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     pad = (argc == 1) ? RSA_PKCS1_PADDING : NUM2INT(padding);
     StringValue(buffer);
     str = rb_str_new(0, ossl_rsa_buf_size(pkey));
-    buf_len = RSA_private_encrypt(RSTRING(buffer)->len, RSTRING(buffer)->ptr,
-				  RSTRING(str)->ptr, pkey->pkey.rsa,
+    buf_len = RSA_private_encrypt(RSTRING_LEN(buffer), RSTRING_PTR(buffer),
+				  RSTRING_PTR(str), pkey->pkey.rsa,
 				  pad);
     if (buf_len < 0) ossl_raise(eRSAError, NULL);
-    RSTRING(str)->len = buf_len;
-    RSTRING(str)->ptr[buf_len] = 0;
+    rb_str_set_len(str, buf_len);
     
     return str;
 }
@@ -330,12 +327,11 @@ ossl_rsa_private_decrypt(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     pad = (argc == 1) ? RSA_PKCS1_PADDING : NUM2INT(padding);
     StringValue(buffer);
     str = rb_str_new(0, ossl_rsa_buf_size(pkey));
-    buf_len = RSA_private_decrypt(RSTRING(buffer)->len, RSTRING(buffer)->ptr,
-				  RSTRING(str)->ptr, pkey->pkey.rsa,
+    buf_len = RSA_private_decrypt(RSTRING_LEN(buffer), RSTRING_PTR(buffer),
+				  RSTRING_PTR(str), pkey->pkey.rsa,
 				  pad);
     if (buf_len < 0) ossl_raise(eRSAError, NULL);
-    RSTRING(str)->len = buf_len;
-    RSTRING(str)->ptr[buf_len] = 0;
+    rb_str_set_len(str, buf_len);
 
     return str;
 }
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_rand.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_rand.c
index ec9883d70a..a4247ec013 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_rand.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_rand.c
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ static VALUE
 ossl_rand_seed(VALUE self, VALUE str)
 {
     StringValue(str);
-    RAND_seed(RSTRING(str)->ptr, RSTRING(str)->len);
+    RAND_seed(RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LEN(str));
 
     return str;
 }
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ ossl_rand_load_file(VALUE self, VALUE filename)
 {
     SafeStringValue(filename);
 	
-    if(!RAND_load_file(RSTRING(filename)->ptr, -1)) {
+    if(!RAND_load_file(RSTRING_PTR(filename), -1)) {
 	ossl_raise(eRandomError, NULL);
     }
     return Qtrue;
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ static VALUE
 ossl_rand_write_file(VALUE self, VALUE filename)
 {
     SafeStringValue(filename);
-    if (RAND_write_file(RSTRING(filename)->ptr) == -1) {
+    if (RAND_write_file(RSTRING_PTR(filename)) == -1) {
 	ossl_raise(eRandomError, NULL);
     }
     return Qtrue;
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ ossl_rand_bytes(VALUE self, VALUE len)
     VALUE str;
 	
     str = rb_str_new(0, FIX2INT(len));
-    if (!RAND_bytes(RSTRING(str)->ptr, FIX2INT(len))) {
+    if (!RAND_bytes(RSTRING_PTR(str), FIX2INT(len))) {
 	ossl_raise(eRandomError, NULL);
     }
 
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ ossl_rand_pseudo_bytes(VALUE self, VALUE len)
     VALUE str;
 
     str = rb_str_new(0, FIX2INT(len));
-    if (!RAND_pseudo_bytes(RSTRING(str)->ptr, FIX2INT(len))) {
+    if (!RAND_pseudo_bytes(RSTRING_PTR(str), FIX2INT(len))) {
 	ossl_raise(eRandomError, NULL);
     }
 
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ ossl_rand_egd(VALUE self, VALUE filename)
 {
     SafeStringValue(filename);
 	
-    if(!RAND_egd(RSTRING(filename)->ptr)) {
+    if(!RAND_egd(RSTRING_PTR(filename))) {
 	ossl_raise(eRandomError, NULL);
     }
     return Qtrue;
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ ossl_rand_egd_bytes(VALUE self, VALUE filename, VALUE len)
 {
     SafeStringValue(filename);
 
-    if (!RAND_egd_bytes(RSTRING(filename)->ptr, FIX2INT(len))) {
+    if (!RAND_egd_bytes(RSTRING_PTR(filename), FIX2INT(len))) {
 	ossl_raise(eRandomError, NULL);
     }
     return Qtrue;
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c
index 963b05c5e2..844a461449 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c
@@ -394,8 +394,8 @@ ossl_sslctx_setup(VALUE self)
     val = ossl_sslctx_get_sess_id_ctx(self);
     if (!NIL_P(val)){
 	StringValue(val);
-	if (!SSL_CTX_set_session_id_context(ctx, RSTRING(val)->ptr,
-					    RSTRING(val)->len)){
+	if (!SSL_CTX_set_session_id_context(ctx, RSTRING_PTR(val),
+					    RSTRING_LEN(val))){
 	    ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_CTX_set_session_id_context:");
 	}
     }
@@ -476,7 +476,7 @@ ossl_sslctx_set_ciphers(VALUE self, VALUE v)
         ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_CTX is not initialized.");
         return Qnil;
     }
-    if (!SSL_CTX_set_cipher_list(ctx, RSTRING(str)->ptr)) {
+    if (!SSL_CTX_set_cipher_list(ctx, RSTRING_PTR(str))) {
         ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_CTX_set_cipher_list:");
     }
 
@@ -635,7 +635,7 @@ ossl_ssl_read(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 	if(SSL_pending(ssl) <= 0)
 	    rb_thread_wait_fd(fptr->fd);
 	for (;;){
-	    nread = SSL_read(ssl, RSTRING(str)->ptr, RSTRING(str)->len);
+	    nread = SSL_read(ssl, RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LEN(str));
 	    switch(ssl_get_error(ssl, nread)){
 	    case SSL_ERROR_NONE:
 		goto end;
@@ -662,8 +662,7 @@ ossl_ssl_read(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     }
 
   end:
-    RSTRING(str)->len = nread;
-    RSTRING(str)->ptr[nread] = 0;
+    rb_str_set_len(str, nread);
     OBJ_TAINT(str);
 
     return str;
@@ -682,7 +681,7 @@ ossl_ssl_write(VALUE self, VALUE str)
 
     if (ssl) {
 	for (;;){
-	    nwrite = SSL_write(ssl, RSTRING(str)->ptr, RSTRING(str)->len);
+	    nwrite = SSL_write(ssl, RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LEN(str));
 	    switch(ssl_get_error(ssl, nwrite)){
 	    case SSL_ERROR_NONE:
 		goto end;
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509attr.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509attr.c
index 7b88e294a9..267bd81855 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509attr.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509attr.c
@@ -95,9 +95,9 @@ ossl_x509attr_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     if(rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &oid, &value) == 1){
 	oid = ossl_to_der_if_possible(oid);
 	StringValue(oid);
-	p = RSTRING(oid)->ptr;
+	p = RSTRING_PTR(oid);
 	if(!d2i_X509_ATTRIBUTE((X509_ATTRIBUTE**)&DATA_PTR(self),
-			       &p, RSTRING(oid)->len)){
+			       &p, RSTRING_LEN(oid))){
 	    ossl_raise(eX509AttrError, NULL);
 	}
 	return self;
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ ossl_x509attr_get_value(VALUE self)
     if(OSSL_X509ATTR_IS_SINGLE(attr)){
 	length = i2d_ASN1_TYPE(attr->value.single, NULL);
 	str = rb_str_new(0, length);
-	p = RSTRING(str)->ptr;
+	p = RSTRING_PTR(str);
 	i2d_ASN1_TYPE(attr->value.single, &p);
 	ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
     }
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ ossl_x509attr_get_value(VALUE self)
 	length = i2d_ASN1_SET_OF_ASN1_TYPE(attr->value.set, NULL,
 			i2d_ASN1_TYPE, V_ASN1_SET, V_ASN1_UNIVERSAL, 0);
 	str = rb_str_new(0, length);
-	p = RSTRING(str)->ptr;
+	p = RSTRING_PTR(str);
 	i2d_ASN1_SET_OF_ASN1_TYPE(attr->value.set, &p,
 			i2d_ASN1_TYPE, V_ASN1_SET, V_ASN1_UNIVERSAL, 0);
 	ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
@@ -222,10 +222,10 @@ ossl_x509attr_to_der(VALUE self)
     if((len = i2d_X509_ATTRIBUTE(attr, NULL)) <= 0)
 	ossl_raise(eX509AttrError, NULL);
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
-    p = RSTRING(str)->ptr;
+    p = RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if(i2d_X509_ATTRIBUTE(attr, &p) <= 0)
 	ossl_raise(eX509AttrError, NULL);
-    RSTRING(str)->len = p - (unsigned char*)RSTRING(str)->ptr; 
+    rb_str_set_len(str, p - (unsigned char*)RSTRING_PTR(str)); 
 
     return str;
 }
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c
index fc587a31f3..f613c800e1 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ ossl_x509_new_from_file(VALUE filename)
     VALUE obj;
 
     SafeStringValue(filename);
-    if (!(fp = fopen(RSTRING(filename)->ptr, "r"))) {
+    if (!(fp = fopen(RSTRING_PTR(filename), "r"))) {
 	ossl_raise(eX509CertError, "%s", strerror(errno));
     }
     x509 = PEM_read_X509(fp, NULL, NULL, NULL);
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ ossl_x509_to_der(VALUE self)
     if ((len = i2d_X509(x509, NULL)) <= 0)
 	ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
-    p = RSTRING(str)->ptr;
+    p = RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if (i2d_X509(x509, &p) <= 0)
 	ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
     ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509ext.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509ext.c
index 31ffec48fa..c024a955e4 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509ext.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509ext.c
@@ -229,23 +229,23 @@ ossl_x509extfactory_create_ext(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     StringValue(value);
     if(NIL_P(critical)) critical = Qfalse;
 
-    nid = OBJ_ln2nid(RSTRING(oid)->ptr);
-    if(!nid) nid = OBJ_sn2nid(RSTRING(oid)->ptr);
-    if(!nid) ossl_raise(eX509ExtError, "unknown OID `%s'", RSTRING(oid)->ptr);
+    nid = OBJ_ln2nid(RSTRING_PTR(oid));
+    if(!nid) nid = OBJ_sn2nid(RSTRING_PTR(oid));
+    if(!nid) ossl_raise(eX509ExtError, "unknown OID `%s'", RSTRING_PTR(oid));
     valstr = rb_str_new2(RTEST(critical) ? "critical," : "");
     rb_str_append(valstr, value);
     GetX509ExtFactory(self, ctx);
 #ifdef HAVE_X509V3_EXT_NCONF_NID
     rconf = rb_iv_get(self, "@config");
     conf = NIL_P(rconf) ? NULL : GetConfigPtr(rconf);
-    ext = X509V3_EXT_nconf_nid(conf, ctx, nid, RSTRING(valstr)->ptr);
+    ext = X509V3_EXT_nconf_nid(conf, ctx, nid, RSTRING_PTR(valstr));
 #else
     if (!empty_lhash) empty_lhash = lh_new(NULL, NULL);
     ext = X509V3_EXT_conf_nid(empty_lhash, ctx, nid, RSTRING(valstr)->ptr);
 #endif
     if (!ext){
 	ossl_raise(eX509ExtError, "%s = %s",
-		   RSTRING(oid)->ptr, RSTRING(value)->ptr);
+		   RSTRING_PTR(oid), RSTRING_PTR(value));
     }
     WrapX509Ext(cX509Ext, obj, ext);
 
@@ -280,9 +280,9 @@ ossl_x509ext_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     if(rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "12", &oid, &value, &critical) == 1){
 	oid = ossl_to_der_if_possible(oid);
 	StringValue(oid);
-	p  = RSTRING(oid)->ptr;
+	p  = RSTRING_PTR(oid);
 	if(!d2i_X509_EXTENSION((X509_EXTENSION**)&DATA_PTR(self),
-			       &p, RSTRING(oid)->len))
+			       &p, RSTRING_LEN(oid)))
 	    ossl_raise(eX509ExtError, NULL);
 	return self;
     }
@@ -319,14 +319,14 @@ ossl_x509ext_set_value(VALUE self, VALUE data)
 
     data = ossl_to_der_if_possible(data);
     StringValue(data);
-    if(!(s = OPENSSL_malloc(RSTRING(data)->len)))
+    if(!(s = OPENSSL_malloc(RSTRING_LEN(data))))
 	ossl_raise(eX509ExtError, "malloc error");
-    memcpy(s, RSTRING(data)->ptr, RSTRING(data)->len);
+    memcpy(s, RSTRING_PTR(data), RSTRING_LEN(data));
     if(!(asn1s = ASN1_OCTET_STRING_new())){
 	free(s);
 	ossl_raise(eX509ExtError, NULL);
     }
-    if(!M_ASN1_OCTET_STRING_set(asn1s, s, RSTRING(data)->len)){
+    if(!M_ASN1_OCTET_STRING_set(asn1s, s, RSTRING_LEN(data))){
 	free(s);
 	ASN1_OCTET_STRING_free(asn1s);
 	ossl_raise(eX509ExtError, NULL);
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ ossl_x509ext_to_der(VALUE obj)
     if((len = i2d_X509_EXTENSION(ext, NULL)) <= 0)
 	ossl_raise(eX509ExtError, NULL);
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
-    p = RSTRING(str)->ptr;
+    p = RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if(i2d_X509_EXTENSION(ext, &p) < 0)
 	ossl_raise(eX509ExtError, NULL);
     ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509name.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509name.c
index ece8bb8cef..7af3b689dd 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509name.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509name.c
@@ -131,8 +131,8 @@ ossl_x509name_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 	    unsigned char *p;
 	    VALUE str = ossl_to_der_if_possible(arg);
 	    StringValue(str);
-	    p = RSTRING(str)->ptr;
-	    if(!d2i_X509_NAME((X509_NAME**)&DATA_PTR(self), &p, RSTRING(str)->len)){
+	    p = RSTRING_PTR(str);
+	    if(!d2i_X509_NAME((X509_NAME**)&DATA_PTR(self), &p, RSTRING_LEN(str))){
 		ossl_raise(eX509NameError, NULL);
 	    }
 	}
@@ -152,8 +152,8 @@ VALUE ossl_x509name_add_entry(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     StringValue(value);
     if(NIL_P(type)) type = rb_aref(OBJECT_TYPE_TEMPLATE, oid);
     GetX509Name(self, name);
-    if (!X509_NAME_add_entry_by_txt(name, RSTRING(oid)->ptr, NUM2INT(type),
-		RSTRING(value)->ptr, RSTRING(value)->len, -1, 0)) {
+    if (!X509_NAME_add_entry_by_txt(name, RSTRING_PTR(oid), NUM2INT(type),
+		RSTRING_PTR(value), RSTRING_LEN(value), -1, 0)) {
 	ossl_raise(eX509NameError, NULL);
     }
 
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ ossl_x509name_to_der(VALUE self)
     if((len = i2d_X509_NAME(name, NULL)) <= 0)
 	ossl_raise(eX509NameError, NULL);
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
-    p = RSTRING(str)->ptr;
+    p = RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if(i2d_X509_NAME(name, &p) <= 0)
 	ossl_raise(eX509NameError, NULL);
     ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509req.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509req.c
index d644250433..10f0d20431 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509req.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509req.c
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ ossl_x509req_to_der(VALUE self)
     if ((len = i2d_X509_REQ(req, NULL)) <= 0)
 	ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
     str = rb_str_new(0, len);
-    p = RSTRING(str)->ptr;
+    p = RSTRING_PTR(str);
     if (i2d_X509_REQ(req, &p) <= 0)
 	ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, NULL);
     ossl_str_adjust(str, p);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509store.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509store.c
index cea845a1cc..64f5bca831 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509store.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509store.c
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ ossl_x509store_add_file(VALUE self, VALUE file)
 
     if(file != Qnil){
         Check_SafeStr(file);
-	path = RSTRING(file)->ptr;
+	path = RSTRING_PTR(file);
     }
     GetX509Store(self, store);
     lookup = X509_STORE_add_lookup(store, X509_LOOKUP_file());
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ ossl_x509store_add_path(VALUE self, VALUE dir)
 
     if(dir != Qnil){
         Check_SafeStr(dir);
-	path = RSTRING(dir)->ptr;
+	path = RSTRING_PTR(dir);
     }
     GetX509Store(self, store);
     lookup = X509_STORE_add_lookup(store, X509_LOOKUP_hash_dir());