= Calling Methods

Calling a method sends a message to an object so it can perform some work.

In ruby you send a message to an object like this:

  my_method()

Note that the parenthesis are optional:

  my_method

Except when there is difference between using and omitting parentheses, this
document uses parenthesis when arguments are present to avoid confusion.

== Receiver

+self+ is the default receiver.  If you don't specify any receiver +self+ will
be used.  To specify a receiver use <code>.</code>:

  my_object.my_method

This sends the +my_method+ message to +my_object+.  Any object can be a
receiver but depending on the method's visibility sending a message may raise a
NoMethodError.

You may also use <code>::</code> to designate a receiver, but this is rarely
used due to the potential for confusion with <code>::</code> for namespaces.

== Positional Arguments

The positional arguments for the message follow the method name:

  my_method(argument1)

Multiple arguments are separated by a <code>,</code>:

  my_method(argument1, argument2)

In many cases parenthesis are not necessary when sending a message:

  my_method argument1, argument2

However, parenthesis are necessary to avoid ambiguity.  This will raise a
SyntaxError because ruby does not know which method argument3 should be sent
to:

  method_one argument1, method_two argument2, argument3

== Keyword Arguments

Keyword arguments follow any positional arguments and are separated by commas
like positional arguments:

  my_method(positional1, keyword1: value1, keyword2: value2)

Any keyword arguments not given will use the default value from the method
definition.  If a keyword argument is given that the method did not list an
ArgumentError will be raised.

== Block Argument

The block argument is always last when sending a message to a method.  A block
is sent to a method using <code>do ... end</code> or <code>{ ... }</code>:

  my_method do
    # ...
  end

or:

  my_method {
    # ...
  }

<code>do end</code> has lower precedence than <code>{ }</code> so:

  method_1 method_2 {
    # ...
  }

Sends the block to +method_2+ while:

  method_1 method_2 do
    # ...
  end

Sends the block to +method_1+.  Note that in the first case if parentheses are
used the block is sent to +method_1+.

A block will accept arguments from the method it was sent to.  Arguments are
defined similar to the way a method defines arguments.  The block's arguments
go in <code>| ... |</code> following the opening <code>do</code> or
<code>{</code>:

  my_method do |argument1, argument2|
    # ...
  end

== Array to Arguments Conversion

Given the following method:

  def my_method(argument1, argument2)
  end

You can turn an Array into an Argument list with <code>*</code> (or splat)
operator:

  arguments = [1, 2, 3]
  my_method(*arguments)

or:

  arguments = [2, 3]
  my_method(1, *arguments)

Both are equivalent to:

  my_method(1, 2, 3)

If the method accepts keyword arguments the splat operator will convert a hash
at the end of the array into keyword arguments.

If the number of objects in the Array do not match the number of arguments for
the method an ArgumentError will be raised.

If the splat operator comes first in the call, parentheses must be used to
avoid a warning.

== Proc to Block Conversion

Given a method that use a block:

  def my_method
    yield self
  end

You can convert a proc or lambda to a block argument with the <code>&</code>
operator:

  argument = proc { |a| puts "#{a.inspect} was yielded" }

  my_method(&argument)

If the splat operator comes first in the call, parenthesis must be used to
avoid a warning.

Unlike the splat operator described above the <code>&</code> has no commonly
recognized name.