Ensure throw data is not set as cause

[Bug #19593]

rb_ec_setup_exception did not check if errinfo is a throw_data. This can
cause crashes in code since it is assumed that id_cause is an object.

We saw a crash in show_cause due to id_cause of errinfo being a
throw_data. It crashes on rb_obj_is_kind_of since it cannot be called on
T_IMEMO objects.

Unfortunately, we couldn't find a reproduction script, however we
debugged the core dump and rb_ec_setup_exception is the only place where
id_cause is assigned from errinfo without checking if it is a
throw_data.

```
0x0000556c5708e6dd in sigsegv (sig=11, info=0x7f301befa3f0, ctx=0x7f301befa2c0) at signal.c:964
0x00007f301d046420 in <signal handler called> () at /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpthread.so.0
class_search_class_ancestor (c=139844586301760, cl=<optimized out>) at object.c:810
rb_obj_is_kind_of (obj=obj@entry=139839221734880, c=139844586301760) at object.c:861
0x0000556c56f2f00f in show_cause
    (errinfo=errinfo@entry=139838840645160, str=str@entry=139839221730520, opt=139839221730480, highlight=0, reverse=reverse@entry=0, backtrace_limit=backtrace_limit@entry=-1, shown_causes=0x7ffe9d1a2d68) at ./include/ruby/internal/special_consts.h:175
```

Co-Authored-By: Jean Boussier <byroot@ruby-lang.org>

1 files changed, 4 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/eval.c b/eval.c
index adacde9e2f..6fc3969690 100644
--- a/eval.c
+++ b/eval.c
@@ -645,6 +645,10 @@ rb_ec_setup_exception(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE mesg, VALUE cause)
         cause = get_ec_errinfo(ec);
     }
     if (cause != mesg) {
+        if (THROW_DATA_P(cause)) {
+            cause = Qnil;
+        }
+
         rb_ivar_set(mesg, id_cause, cause);
     }
 }