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-rw-r--r--NEWS.md6
-rw-r--r--re.c33
-rw-r--r--string.c260
-rw-r--r--test/ruby/test_regexp.rb21
-rw-r--r--test/ruby/test_string.rb140
5 files changed, 451 insertions, 9 deletions
diff --git a/NEWS.md b/NEWS.md
index ef03a6c18a..60674183fd 100644
--- a/NEWS.md
+++ b/NEWS.md
@@ -59,6 +59,9 @@ Note: We're only listing outstanding class updates.
empty, instead of returning the default value or
calling the default proc. [[Bug #16908]]
+* MatchData
+ * MatchData#byteoffset has been added. [[Feature #13110]]
+
* Module
* Module.used_refinements has been added. [[Feature #14332]]
* Module#refinements has been added. [[Feature #12737]]
@@ -74,6 +77,9 @@ Note: We're only listing outstanding class updates.
* Set is now available as a builtin class without the need for `require "set"`. [[Feature #16989]]
It is currently autoloaded via the `Set` constant or a call to `Enumerable#to_set`.
+* String
+ * String#byteindex and String#byterindex have been added. [[Feature #13110]]
+
* Struct
* A Struct class can also be initialized with keyword arguments
without `keyword_init: true` on `Struct.new` [[Feature #16806]]
diff --git a/re.c b/re.c
index 66519effcd..9c1adbb0ff 100644
--- a/re.c
+++ b/re.c
@@ -1234,6 +1234,38 @@ match_offset(VALUE match, VALUE n)
LONG2NUM(RMATCH(match)->rmatch->char_offset[i].end));
}
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ * mtch.byteoffset(n) -> array
+ *
+ * Returns a two-element array containing the beginning and ending byte-based offsets of
+ * the <em>n</em>th match.
+ * <em>n</em> can be a string or symbol to reference a named capture.
+ *
+ * m = /(.)(.)(\d+)(\d)/.match("THX1138.")
+ * m.byteoffset(0) #=> [1, 7]
+ * m.byteoffset(4) #=> [6, 7]
+ *
+ * m = /(?<foo>.)(.)(?<bar>.)/.match("hoge")
+ * p m.byteoffset(:foo) #=> [0, 1]
+ * p m.byteoffset(:bar) #=> [2, 3]
+ *
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+match_byteoffset(VALUE match, VALUE n)
+{
+ int i = match_backref_number(match, n);
+ struct re_registers *regs = RMATCH_REGS(match);
+
+ match_check(match);
+ backref_number_check(regs, i);
+
+ if (BEG(i) < 0)
+ return rb_assoc_new(Qnil, Qnil);
+ return rb_assoc_new(LONG2NUM(BEG(i)), LONG2NUM(END(i)));
+}
+
/*
* call-seq:
@@ -4162,6 +4194,7 @@ Init_Regexp(void)
rb_define_method(rb_cMatch, "size", match_size, 0);
rb_define_method(rb_cMatch, "length", match_size, 0);
rb_define_method(rb_cMatch, "offset", match_offset, 1);
+ rb_define_method(rb_cMatch, "byteoffset", match_byteoffset, 1);
rb_define_method(rb_cMatch, "begin", match_begin, 1);
rb_define_method(rb_cMatch, "end", match_end, 1);
rb_define_method(rb_cMatch, "match", match_nth, 1);
diff --git a/string.c b/string.c
index 99269f62ba..37dca19aa7 100644
--- a/string.c
+++ b/string.c
@@ -3979,18 +3979,123 @@ rb_str_index_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE str)
return LONG2NUM(pos);
}
+/* whether given pos is valid character boundary or not
+ * Note that in this function, "character" means a code point
+ * (Unicode scalar value), not a grapheme cluster.
+ */
+static bool
+str_check_byte_pos(VALUE str, long pos)
+{
+ const char *s = RSTRING_PTR(str);
+ const char *e = RSTRING_END(str);
+ const char *p = s + pos;
+ const char *pp = rb_enc_left_char_head(s, p, e, rb_enc_get(str));
+ return p == pp;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ * byteindex(substring, offset = 0) -> integer or nil
+ * byteindex(regexp, offset = 0) -> integer or nil
+ *
+ * Returns the \Integer byte-based index of the first occurrence of the given +substring+,
+ * or +nil+ if none found:
+ *
+ * 'foo'.byteindex('f') # => 0
+ * 'foo'.byteindex('o') # => 1
+ * 'foo'.byteindex('oo') # => 1
+ * 'foo'.byteindex('ooo') # => nil
+ *
+ * Returns the \Integer byte-based index of the first match for the given \Regexp +regexp+,
+ * or +nil+ if none found:
+ *
+ * 'foo'.byteindex(/f/) # => 0
+ * 'foo'.byteindex(/o/) # => 1
+ * 'foo'.byteindex(/oo/) # => 1
+ * 'foo'.byteindex(/ooo/) # => nil
+ *
+ * \Integer argument +offset+, if given, specifies the byte-based position in the
+ * string to begin the search:
+ *
+ * 'foo'.byteindex('o', 1) # => 1
+ * 'foo'.byteindex('o', 2) # => 2
+ * 'foo'.byteindex('o', 3) # => nil
+ *
+ * If +offset+ is negative, counts backward from the end of +self+:
+ *
+ * 'foo'.byteindex('o', -1) # => 2
+ * 'foo'.byteindex('o', -2) # => 1
+ * 'foo'.byteindex('o', -3) # => 1
+ * 'foo'.byteindex('o', -4) # => nil
+ *
+ * If +offset+ does not land on character (codepoint) boundary, +IndexError+ is
+ * raised.
+ *
+ * Related: String#index, String#byterindex.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_str_byteindex_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE str)
+{
+ VALUE sub;
+ VALUE initpos;
+ long pos;
+
+ if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &sub, &initpos) == 2) {
+ pos = NUM2LONG(initpos);
+ }
+ else {
+ pos = 0;
+ }
+ if (pos < 0) {
+ pos += RSTRING_LEN(str);
+ if (pos < 0) {
+ if (RB_TYPE_P(sub, T_REGEXP)) {
+ rb_backref_set(Qnil);
+ }
+ return Qnil;
+ }
+ }
+
+ if (!str_check_byte_pos(str, pos)) {
+ rb_raise(rb_eIndexError,
+ "offset %ld does not land on character boundary", pos);
+ }
+
+ if (RB_TYPE_P(sub, T_REGEXP)) {
+ if (pos > RSTRING_LEN(str))
+ return Qnil;
+ if (rb_reg_search(sub, str, pos, 0) < 0) {
+ return Qnil;
+ }
+ else {
+ VALUE match = rb_backref_get();
+ struct re_registers *regs = RMATCH_REGS(match);
+ pos = BEG(0);
+ return LONG2NUM(pos);
+ }
+ }
+ else {
+ StringValue(sub);
+ pos = rb_strseq_index(str, sub, pos, 1);
+ }
+
+ if (pos == -1) return Qnil;
+ return LONG2NUM(pos);
+}
+
#ifdef HAVE_MEMRCHR
static long
-str_rindex(VALUE str, VALUE sub, const char *s, long pos, rb_encoding *enc)
+str_rindex(VALUE str, VALUE sub, const char *s, rb_encoding *enc)
{
char *hit, *adjusted;
int c;
long slen, searchlen;
char *sbeg, *e, *t;
- slen = RSTRING_LEN(sub);
- if (slen == 0) return pos;
sbeg = RSTRING_PTR(str);
+ slen = RSTRING_LEN(sub);
+ if (slen == 0) return s - sbeg;
e = RSTRING_END(str);
t = RSTRING_PTR(sub);
c = *t & 0xff;
@@ -4005,7 +4110,7 @@ str_rindex(VALUE str, VALUE sub, const char *s, long pos, rb_encoding *enc)
continue;
}
if (memcmp(hit, t, slen) == 0)
- return rb_str_sublen(str, hit - sbeg);
+ return hit - sbeg;
searchlen = adjusted - sbeg;
} while (searchlen > 0);
@@ -4013,7 +4118,7 @@ str_rindex(VALUE str, VALUE sub, const char *s, long pos, rb_encoding *enc)
}
#else
static long
-str_rindex(VALUE str, VALUE sub, const char *s, long pos, rb_encoding *enc)
+str_rindex(VALUE str, VALUE sub, const char *s, rb_encoding *enc)
{
long slen;
char *sbeg, *e, *t;
@@ -4025,10 +4130,9 @@ str_rindex(VALUE str, VALUE sub, const char *s, long pos, rb_encoding *enc)
while (s) {
if (memcmp(s, t, slen) == 0) {
- return pos;
+ return s - sbeg;
}
- if (pos == 0) break;
- pos--;
+ if (s <= sbeg) break;
s = rb_enc_prev_char(sbeg, s, e, enc);
}
@@ -4065,7 +4169,7 @@ rb_str_rindex(VALUE str, VALUE sub, long pos)
}
s = str_nth(sbeg, RSTRING_END(str), pos, enc, singlebyte);
- return str_rindex(str, sub, s, pos, enc);
+ return rb_str_sublen(str, str_rindex(str, sub, s, enc));
}
/*
@@ -4170,6 +4274,142 @@ rb_str_rindex_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE str)
return Qnil;
}
+static long
+rb_str_byterindex(VALUE str, VALUE sub, long pos)
+{
+ long len, slen;
+ char *sbeg, *s;
+ rb_encoding *enc;
+
+ enc = rb_enc_check(str, sub);
+ if (is_broken_string(sub)) return -1;
+ len = RSTRING_LEN(str);
+ slen = RSTRING_LEN(sub);
+
+ /* substring longer than string */
+ if (len < slen) return -1;
+ if (len - pos < slen) pos = len - slen;
+ if (len == 0) return pos;
+
+ sbeg = RSTRING_PTR(str);
+
+ if (pos == 0) {
+ if (memcmp(sbeg, RSTRING_PTR(sub), RSTRING_LEN(sub)) == 0)
+ return 0;
+ else
+ return -1;
+ }
+
+ s = sbeg + pos;
+ return str_rindex(str, sub, s, enc);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ * byterindex(substring, offset = self.length) -> integer or nil
+ * byterindex(regexp, offset = self.length) -> integer or nil
+ *
+ * Returns the \Integer byte-based index of the _last_ occurrence of the given +substring+,
+ * or +nil+ if none found:
+ *
+ * 'foo'.byterindex('f') # => 0
+ * 'foo'.byterindex('o') # => 2
+ * 'foo'.byterindex('oo') # => 1
+ * 'foo'.byterindex('ooo') # => nil
+ *
+ * Returns the \Integer byte-based index of the _last_ match for the given \Regexp +regexp+,
+ * or +nil+ if none found:
+ *
+ * 'foo'.byterindex(/f/) # => 0
+ * 'foo'.byterindex(/o/) # => 2
+ * 'foo'.byterindex(/oo/) # => 1
+ * 'foo'.byterindex(/ooo/) # => nil
+ *
+ * The _last_ match means starting at the possible last position, not
+ * the last of longest matches.
+ *
+ * 'foo'.byterindex(/o+/) # => 2
+ * $~ #=> #<MatchData "o">
+ *
+ * To get the last longest match, needs to combine with negative
+ * lookbehind.
+ *
+ * 'foo'.byterindex(/(?<!o)o+/) # => 1
+ * $~ #=> #<MatchData "oo">
+ *
+ * Or String#byteindex with negative lookforward.
+ *
+ * 'foo'.byteindex(/o+(?!.*o)/) # => 1
+ * $~ #=> #<MatchData "oo">
+ *
+ * \Integer argument +offset+, if given and non-negative, specifies the maximum starting byte-based position in the
+ * string to _end_ the search:
+ *
+ * 'foo'.byterindex('o', 0) # => nil
+ * 'foo'.byterindex('o', 1) # => 1
+ * 'foo'.byterindex('o', 2) # => 2
+ * 'foo'.byterindex('o', 3) # => 2
+ *
+ * If +offset+ is a negative \Integer, the maximum starting position in the
+ * string to _end_ the search is the sum of the string's length and +offset+:
+ *
+ * 'foo'.byterindex('o', -1) # => 2
+ * 'foo'.byterindex('o', -2) # => 1
+ * 'foo'.byterindex('o', -3) # => nil
+ * 'foo'.byterindex('o', -4) # => nil
+ *
+ * If +offset+ does not land on character (codepoint) boundary, +IndexError+ is
+ * raised.
+ *
+ * Related: String#byteindex.
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_str_byterindex_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE str)
+{
+ VALUE sub;
+ VALUE vpos;
+ long pos, len = RSTRING_LEN(str);
+
+ if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &sub, &vpos) == 2) {
+ pos = NUM2LONG(vpos);
+ if (pos < 0) {
+ pos += len;
+ if (pos < 0) {
+ if (RB_TYPE_P(sub, T_REGEXP)) {
+ rb_backref_set(Qnil);
+ }
+ return Qnil;
+ }
+ }
+ if (pos > len) pos = len;
+ }
+ else {
+ pos = len;
+ }
+
+ if (!str_check_byte_pos(str, pos)) {
+ rb_raise(rb_eIndexError,
+ "offset %ld does not land on character boundary", pos);
+ }
+
+ if (RB_TYPE_P(sub, T_REGEXP)) {
+ if (rb_reg_search(sub, str, pos, 1) >= 0) {
+ VALUE match = rb_backref_get();
+ struct re_registers *regs = RMATCH_REGS(match);
+ pos = BEG(0);
+ return LONG2NUM(pos);
+ }
+ }
+ else {
+ StringValue(sub);
+ pos = rb_str_byterindex(str, sub, pos);
+ if (pos >= 0) return LONG2NUM(pos);
+ }
+ return Qnil;
+}
+
/*
* call-seq:
* string =~ regexp -> integer or nil
@@ -12382,7 +12622,9 @@ Init_String(void)
rb_define_method(rb_cString, "next!", rb_str_succ_bang, 0);
rb_define_method(rb_cString, "upto", rb_str_upto, -1);
rb_define_method(rb_cString, "index", rb_str_index_m, -1);
+ rb_define_method(rb_cString, "byteindex", rb_str_byteindex_m, -1);
rb_define_method(rb_cString, "rindex", rb_str_rindex_m, -1);
+ rb_define_method(rb_cString, "byterindex", rb_str_byterindex_m, -1);
rb_define_method(rb_cString, "replace", rb_str_replace, 1);
rb_define_method(rb_cString, "clear", rb_str_clear, 0);
rb_define_method(rb_cString, "chr", rb_str_chr, 0);
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_regexp.rb b/test/ruby/test_regexp.rb
index 2bf4649f14..80caa879e4 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_regexp.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_regexp.rb
@@ -424,6 +424,27 @@ class TestRegexp < Test::Unit::TestCase
assert_equal([2, 3], m.offset(3))
end
+ def test_match_byteoffset_begin_end
+ m = /(?<x>b..)/.match("foobarbaz")
+ assert_equal([3, 6], m.byteoffset("x"))
+ assert_equal(3, m.begin("x"))
+ assert_equal(6, m.end("x"))
+ assert_raise(IndexError) { m.byteoffset("y") }
+ assert_raise(IndexError) { m.byteoffset(2) }
+ assert_raise(IndexError) { m.begin(2) }
+ assert_raise(IndexError) { m.end(2) }
+
+ m = /(?<x>q..)?/.match("foobarbaz")
+ assert_equal([nil, nil], m.byteoffset("x"))
+ assert_equal(nil, m.begin("x"))
+ assert_equal(nil, m.end("x"))
+
+ m = /\A\u3042(.)(.)?(.)\z/.match("\u3042\u3043\u3044")
+ assert_equal([3, 6], m.byteoffset(1))
+ assert_equal([nil, nil], m.byteoffset(2))
+ assert_equal([6, 9], m.byteoffset(3))
+ end
+
def test_match_to_s
m = /(?<x>b..)/.match("foobarbaz")
assert_equal("bar", m.to_s)
diff --git a/test/ruby/test_string.rb b/test/ruby/test_string.rb
index 95fbf63702..0e2a484478 100644
--- a/test/ruby/test_string.rb
+++ b/test/ruby/test_string.rb
@@ -1340,6 +1340,15 @@ CODE
assert_nil($~)
assert_equal(2, S("abcdbce").index(/b\Kc/))
+
+ assert_equal(0, S("こんにちは").index(?こ))
+ assert_equal(1, S("こんにちは").index(S("んにち")))
+ assert_equal(2, S("こんにちは").index(/にち./))
+
+ assert_equal(0, S("にんにちは").index(?に, 0))
+ assert_equal(2, S("にんにちは").index(?に, 1))
+ assert_equal(2, S("にんにちは").index(?に, 2))
+ assert_nil(S("にんにちは").index(?に, 3))
end
def test_insert
@@ -1502,6 +1511,11 @@ CODE
assert_nil(S("hello").rindex(S("z")))
assert_nil(S("hello").rindex(/z./))
+ assert_equal(5, S("hello").rindex(S("")))
+ assert_equal(5, S("hello").rindex(S(""), 5))
+ assert_equal(4, S("hello").rindex(S(""), 4))
+ assert_equal(0, S("hello").rindex(S(""), 0))
+
o = Object.new
def o.to_str; "bar"; end
assert_equal(6, S("foobarbarbaz").rindex(o))
@@ -1514,6 +1528,24 @@ CODE
assert_equal([3, 3], $~.offset(0))
assert_equal(5, S("abcdbce").rindex(/b\Kc/))
+
+ assert_equal(2, S("こんにちは").rindex(?に))
+ assert_equal(6, S("にちは、こんにちは").rindex(S("にちは")))
+ assert_equal(6, S("にちは、こんにちは").rindex(/にち./))
+
+ assert_equal(6, S("にちは、こんにちは").rindex(S("にちは"), 7))
+ assert_equal(6, S("にちは、こんにちは").rindex(S("にちは"), -2))
+ assert_equal(6, S("にちは、こんにちは").rindex(S("にちは"), 6))
+ assert_equal(6, S("にちは、こんにちは").rindex(S("にちは"), -3))
+ assert_equal(0, S("にちは、こんにちは").rindex(S("にちは"), 5))
+ assert_equal(0, S("にちは、こんにちは").rindex(S("にちは"), -4))
+ assert_equal(0, S("にちは、こんにちは").rindex(S("にちは"), 1))
+ assert_equal(0, S("にちは、こんにちは").rindex(S("にちは"), 0))
+
+ assert_equal(0, S("こんにちは").rindex(S("こんにちは")))
+ assert_nil(S("こんにち").rindex(S("こんにちは")))
+ assert_nil(S("こ").rindex(S("こんにちは")))
+ assert_nil(S("").rindex(S("こんにちは")))
end
def test_rjust
@@ -3254,6 +3286,114 @@ CODE
assert_not_predicate(data, :valid_encoding?)
assert_predicate(data[100..-1], :valid_encoding?)
end
+
+ def test_byteindex
+ assert_equal(0, S("hello").byteindex(?h))
+ assert_equal(1, S("hello").byteindex(S("ell")))
+ assert_equal(2, S("hello").byteindex(/ll./))
+
+ assert_equal(3, S("hello").byteindex(?l, 3))
+ assert_equal(3, S("hello").byteindex(S("l"), 3))
+ assert_equal(3, S("hello").byteindex(/l./, 3))
+
+ assert_nil(S("hello").byteindex(?z, 3))
+ assert_nil(S("hello").byteindex(S("z"), 3))
+ assert_nil(S("hello").byteindex(/z./, 3))
+
+ assert_nil(S("hello").byteindex(?z))
+ assert_nil(S("hello").byteindex(S("z")))
+ assert_nil(S("hello").byteindex(/z./))
+
+ assert_equal(0, S("").byteindex(S("")))
+ assert_equal(0, S("").byteindex(//))
+ assert_nil(S("").byteindex(S("hello")))
+ assert_nil(S("").byteindex(/hello/))
+ assert_equal(0, S("hello").byteindex(S("")))
+ assert_equal(0, S("hello").byteindex(//))
+
+ s = S("long") * 1000 << "x"
+ assert_nil(s.byteindex(S("y")))
+ assert_equal(4 * 1000, s.byteindex(S("x")))
+ s << "yx"
+ assert_equal(4 * 1000, s.byteindex(S("x")))
+ assert_equal(4 * 1000, s.byteindex(S("xyx")))
+
+ o = Object.new
+ def o.to_str; "bar"; end
+ assert_equal(3, S("foobarbarbaz").byteindex(o))
+ assert_raise(TypeError) { S("foo").byteindex(Object.new) }
+
+ assert_nil(S("foo").byteindex(//, -100))
+ assert_nil($~)
+
+ assert_equal(2, S("abcdbce").byteindex(/b\Kc/))
+
+ assert_equal(0, S("こんにちは").byteindex(?こ))
+ assert_equal(3, S("こんにちは").byteindex(S("んにち")))
+ assert_equal(6, S("こんにちは").byteindex(/にち./))
+
+ assert_equal(0, S("にんにちは").byteindex(?に, 0))
+ assert_raise(IndexError) { S("にんにちは").byteindex(?に, 1) }
+ assert_raise(IndexError) { S("にんにちは").byteindex(?に, 5) }
+ assert_equal(6, S("にんにちは").byteindex(?に, 6))
+ assert_equal(6, S("にんにちは").byteindex(S("に"), 6))
+ assert_equal(6, S("にんにちは").byteindex(/に./, 6))
+ assert_raise(IndexError) { S("にんにちは").byteindex(?に, 7) }
+ end
+
+ def test_byterindex
+ assert_equal(3, S("hello").byterindex(?l))
+ assert_equal(6, S("ell, hello").byterindex(S("ell")))
+ assert_equal(7, S("ell, hello").byterindex(/ll./))
+
+ assert_equal(3, S("hello,lo").byterindex(?l, 3))
+ assert_equal(3, S("hello,lo").byterindex(S("l"), 3))
+ assert_equal(3, S("hello,lo").byterindex(/l./, 3))
+
+ assert_nil(S("hello").byterindex(?z, 3))
+ assert_nil(S("hello").byterindex(S("z"), 3))
+ assert_nil(S("hello").byterindex(/z./, 3))
+
+ assert_nil(S("hello").byterindex(?z))
+ assert_nil(S("hello").byterindex(S("z")))
+ assert_nil(S("hello").byterindex(/z./))
+
+ assert_equal(5, S("hello").byterindex(S("")))
+ assert_equal(5, S("hello").byterindex(S(""), 5))
+ assert_equal(4, S("hello").byterindex(S(""), 4))
+ assert_equal(0, S("hello").byterindex(S(""), 0))
+
+ o = Object.new
+ def o.to_str; "bar"; end
+ assert_equal(6, S("foobarbarbaz").byterindex(o))
+ assert_raise(TypeError) { S("foo").byterindex(Object.new) }
+
+ assert_nil(S("foo").byterindex(//, -100))
+ assert_nil($~)
+
+ assert_equal(3, S("foo").byterindex(//))
+ assert_equal([3, 3], $~.offset(0))
+
+ assert_equal(5, S("abcdbce").byterindex(/b\Kc/))
+
+ assert_equal(6, S("こんにちは").byterindex(?に))
+ assert_equal(18, S("にちは、こんにちは").byterindex(S("にちは")))
+ assert_equal(18, S("にちは、こんにちは").byterindex(/にち./))
+
+ assert_raise(IndexError) { S("にちは、こんにちは").byterindex(S("にちは"), 19) }
+ assert_raise(IndexError) { S("にちは、こんにちは").byterindex(S("にちは"), -2) }
+ assert_equal(18, S("にちは、こんにちは").byterindex(S("にちは"), 18))
+ assert_equal(18, S("にちは、こんにちは").byterindex(S("にちは"), -3))
+ assert_raise(IndexError) { S("にちは、こんにちは").byterindex(S("にちは"), 17) }
+ assert_raise(IndexError) { S("にちは、こんにちは").byterindex(S("にちは"), -4) }
+ assert_raise(IndexError) { S("にちは、こんにちは").byterindex(S("にちは"), 1) }
+ assert_equal(0, S("にちは、こんにちは").byterindex(S("にちは"), 0))
+
+ assert_equal(0, S("こんにちは").byterindex(S("こんにちは")))
+ assert_nil(S("こんにち").byterindex(S("こんにちは")))
+ assert_nil(S("こ").byterindex(S("こんにちは")))
+ assert_nil(S("").byterindex(S("こんにちは")))
+ end
end
class TestString2 < TestString